{"id":3869,"date":"2021-04-01T08:20:00","date_gmt":"2021-04-01T08:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev-alumn-nus.pantheonsite.io\/alumnus\/?p=3869"},"modified":"2025-07-15T16:08:10","modified_gmt":"2025-07-15T08:08:10","slug":"regarding-regardless-of-race","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alumni.nus.edu.sg\/thealumnus\/2021\/04\/01\/regarding-regardless-of-race\/","title":{"rendered":"Regarding \u2018Regardless Of Race\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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One United People?<\/h3>\n

While Singapore is often held up as an example of racial and religious harmony, what do these terms translate to in practice? Also, a number of talking points in recent years \u2014 migration, xenophobia, \u2018Chinese privilege\u2019 and incidents of racial insensitivity \u2014 have challenged this narrative, and opened up a debate on how far we have actually come, and where indeed\u00a0we wish to head to as a society. Our alumni share their thoughts.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Our Panel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ms Sui Chin Han-McKeand (Law \u201976)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Retired Lawyer<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ms Jennifer Anne Champion (Arts and Social Sciences \u201913)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Poet and Educator<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Mr Adrian Purnama Phoen (Arts and Social Sciences \u201917)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Financial Planner<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Mr Navin Lobo (Law \u201903)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Lawyer<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Mrs Angeline Lobo (Arts and Social Sciences \u201904)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Civil Servant, Working in International Relations<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Chinese-Malay-Indian-Others (CMIO) framework is unique to Singapore, and a powerful public policy tool. Do you think this model is still relevant today, given how Singaporean society has evolved to include more mixed-race individuals, and new citizens of different ethnicities?<\/h4>\n\n

Jennifer:\u00a0<\/strong>There is a difference between being relevant and being accurate. For somebody like\u00a0
me, whose father was born into two cultures and\u00a0myself into four, it was never accurate \u2014 and it wouldn\u2019t be for an increasing number of mixed-race Singaporeans. My identity card says that I am Ceylonese Tamil, but I don\u2019t really have any connection with my Tamil roots and am much\u00a0closer to my Chinese and Malay heritage.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Navin:\u00a0<\/strong>I hear Jennifer\u2019s point on accuracy. As\u00a0parents of mixed-race children, [Angeline and I]\u00a0see the limitations of the CMIO system first-hand. What matters, too, are the policies that the framework translates into, such as mother tongue education\u00a0and housing quotas.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Sui Chin:\u00a0<\/strong>I have lived in the United Kingdom and Japan, and have been out of Singapore for more than 35 years. At Narita Airport in Tokyo, you see the categorisation of \u2018Japanese\u2019, \u2018European people\u2019, and \u2018aliens\u2019. Am I an alien? Similarly, I have issues with the term \u2018Others\u2019 \u2014 which seems very excluded and non-definable. It is almost like being marginalised. Yet in today\u2019s context, the margin is slowly becoming a full page, because if we were to trace our ancestry, few of us would be of one pure heritage. For example, I have 25 per cent Dayak blood: so am I Chinese? Why not just call ourselves Singaporeans? It doesn\u2019t matter what race you are, but allow the national identity to dominate.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Adrian:\u00a0<\/strong>In Indonesia, where my family was from, there isn\u2019t a CMIO system, but you still see differences between Indonesian Chinese and Indonesian Malays \u2014 and the differences become a barrier to interaction. It\u2019s not a matter of frameworks or systems, but a matter of a willingness to connect with others of different backgrounds. This interaction is what the world needs.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Should we do away with the framework altogether? Or can it be effective in promoting integration, such as through ensuring mixed-race environments in schools and public housing estates?\u00a0<\/h4>\n\n

Adrian:\u00a0<\/strong>Growing up, I didn\u2019t really see much sharing between the different races. Racial Harmony Day in school was just a day for dressing up, rather than actually learning anything about the different cultures. There was a general lack of initiative from the kids to make friends outside of their racial group, or to learn about other races. Now that I am in the workforce, I have also encountered clients who prefer to be serviced by those of their same race, as they feel that there might be a better common understanding. So while I did not feel any negative impact from the CMIO framework \u2014 being of the majority group \u2014 I did not observe how the model promoted integration.

Jennifer:\u00a0<\/strong>As a person who would benefit from the CMIO model being thrown out, I actually think it is still relevant. I am willing to forgo the accuracy for the relevancy for others, because we can\u2019t truly be race-blind. If we were to find a way to be accurate about who I am as a person, we would be going into finer and finer gradations \u2014 at some point it would be madness. But for those who fit into the categories squarely, the model offers a concreteness of their identity and the community that they belong to. Thus I see relevance for them, and I think that is important, which is why even though the model is problematic, it cannot completely disappear.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Sui Chin:\u00a0<\/strong>It is a useful measure and has its purpose of promoting racial integration, which the government put effort into after the race riots in 1964. Minister for Home Affairs and Minister for Law, Mr K Shanmugam (Law \u201984) once mentioned how Singapore has been successful in promoting ethnic integration in our public housing estates, schools, and via National Service. The CMIO model has its purpose and value but it can also be abused \u2014 we just have to be aware of how we use it. So while the cultural integration it creates is artificial, I do see its efficacy.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Angeline:\u00a0<\/strong>I see myself more as a Singaporean than a Chinese person. I see greater differences between myself and a Chinese person born in China, than with a Singaporean of another race. The common experiences we share \u2014 be it through the public education system or just growing up in the same environment \u2014 build a stronger national identity than a racial identity for me. That said, it is difficult to have true cohesion. We have housing and education policies that try to promote racial and cultural integration based on the CMIO model. But as society progresses and becomes more complex, a lot of policies will not be accepted so simply by the people. Integration is something that cannot be forced upon people: it has to start from the ground-up, rather than come from top-down directives. It is for the people themselves to examine why it is important to have cross-cultural interaction.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Have you personally experienced or observed racial prejudice? Do you observe racial prejudice as getting better or worse within the country?\u00a0<\/h4>\n\n

Jennifer:<\/strong>\u00a0As a Primary 1 student, I was very confused about what traditional costume to wear. My teacher very thoughtfully suggested that since I am \u2018Eurasian\u2019 \u2014 though I am not \u2014 I could wear Dutch Eurasian clogs. I didn\u2019t quite understand \u2014 and brought a clock to school instead! That was just a funny episode, but it goes to illustrate that things like traditional costumes and food are only superficial cultural markers, rather than a person\u2019s identity or what shapes them. And as Angeline said, true integration starts at home, in places where the government cannot reach. How willing are we to have this conversation among ourselves?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Navin:\u00a0<\/strong>Personally, I am often spoken to in Tamil, even though I do not speak any Indian language at all. While it doesn\u2019t bother me, I have friends who would get upset over this. The reality is, how people react is a product of their life experiences. If you get upset over an act done without malice, you might also reflect on why you react this way. That said, I still hear people cracking turban jokes whenever they see a Sikh man. Such behaviour is silly and hurtful, yet it is pretty impossible to have a utopia without race or religious issues. While an acceptance of cultural differences is what we work towards, we are only at the stage of tolerance. What we can strive towards \u2014 at least on an institutional level, and in the media \u2014 is to make sure that sensitivities are not offended. This doesn\u2019t mean taking away the cultural aspect of society altogether: if we do that, are we not going to celebrate Chinese New Year? Are we not going to have Deepavali? Racial and religious inclusiveness is something Singapore takes pride in, but it takes just one misstep to undo years of work.<\/p>\n\n

Angeline:\u00a0<\/strong>I do observe that the younger generation are more open about mixing with children of different racial backgrounds. My daughter just started Primary 1 and her closest friends are a Malay girl and a classmate from China. At their age, they don\u2019t see others as conforming to stereotypes \u2014 a lot of times it is we as a society who pile our own prejudgements on them and influence their worldviews.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

\"forum-7\"<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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SO SAY THE PEOPLE<\/h4>\n

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According to the Institute of Policy Studies (IPS)-OnePeople.sg survey on racial and religious harmony in\u00a0July 2019,\u00a0almost\u00a060%\u00a0of Malays\u00a0and\u00a056%\u00a0of Indians<\/strong>\u00a0in Singapore perceived discriminatory treatment at work.<\/p>\n

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In an IPS Working Paper published in October 2019 that surveyed 4,000 respondents, almost\u00a0three\u00a0out of four<\/strong>\u00a0respondents agreed to varying degrees that they like meeting and getting to know people who have recently migrated to Singapore.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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However,\u00a0more than\u00a070%<\/strong>\u00a0also felt, to varying degrees, that immigrants are not doing enough to integrate into Singapore.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Do you think there are cases where members of the minority groups are being overly sensitive?<\/h4>\nJennifer:\u00a0<\/strong>There are some minorities who feel sensitive because these microaggressions do accumulate. Once, I was taking an Uber Pool home and the driver looked at my name and deduced that I \u201cmust be Eurasian\u201d, and he and the other male passenger \u2014 who was a complete stranger to me \u2014 decided that I must be very pretty and that they needed to turn on the lights to see my face. It wasn\u2019t just an incident of racist and sexist typecasting. But at that point I was focused solely on getting home safely, rather than speaking out. It is one thing to say that one should be courageous and brave, but you might not feel safe to do so. And there isn\u2019t a lot of education on how to express what\u2019s hurting you, or empowering minority groups with the fortitude and mental support to speak up for themselves. That said, there are groups out there that facilitate this, such as\u00a0Minority Voices<\/a>, which crowd-sources stories from those of minority backgrounds. It\u2019s a good resource for people to find ways to express what they are feeling. I like that young people are stepping up and speaking out.\u00a0\u00a0

Navin:\u00a0<\/strong>I recently offered to handle a pro bono case, where the clients were discriminated against because of their race: they were looking for a rental property and were turned down the moment the landlord learnt their racial background. We claim to be a tolerant multiracial society, but there are lots of things that we need to be better at solving, that we have to be empowered to speak about, because things can change. When there are so many microaggressions happening for so long and so often, some might think: \u201cI am not going to talk about it, because nothing will change.\u201d Yet such situations do need to be addressed. Change is a process. We might not be progressing as fast as we should, but I do feel that we are moving in the right direction.\u00a0

Sui Chin:\u00a0<\/strong>Racial typecasting happens all around the world: I am often identified as the maid to my Eurasian-looking children, at my very own doorstep no less. While I was working as a bank lawyer, I would often find myself the only woman in a roomful of Caucasian men \u2014 and my peers would often be surprised when I expressed my opinion. Having lived that kind of \u2018dismissed identity\u2019 \u2014 even within my immediate English family \u2014 I have learnt to use humour to temper the negativity. Once you are proud and secure of your own identity, nothing can touch you. And the huge, humbling process of living abroad strengthened and made me proud of my identity, particularly as a Singaporean.\u00a0<\/div>\n
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On that: do you think a strong nationalistic identity could prevent our acceptance of new citizens, and the influx of foreigners?<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n
Jennifer:<\/strong>\u00a0In 2017, I was at the airport waiting for my partner when a Singaporean man beside me started shouting at a Filipino family, first saying that \u201cThis is Singapore\u201d and that they were not allowed to hug, and then telling them to go back to their home country. I stood up to him and told him that I am Singaporean and did not approve of what he did, and wrote my thoughts on the encounter (with regards to racism, class privilege, and bigotry) and\u00a0shared them on Facebook<\/a>. The post went viral and was even picked up by the local media. The best part of it was that the family found a way to contact me through the news article. They reached out saying that they were okay, and happy that their first impression of Singapore was of people who would stand up for them.\u00a0\u00a0

Adrian:\u00a0<\/strong>We do hear a lot of Singaporeans complaining about expats, but it doesn\u2019t have so much to do with cultural differences than the competition for jobs and housing. I think a big part of it also depends on the new citizens\u2019 willingness to be integrated into our society. Some come over in their late 30s and 40s, with very different backgrounds, memories and expectations that were born out of their life experiences, and might be unwilling to adapt.\u00a0

Navin:\u00a0<\/strong>If you look at what has happened in the last five years, it is quite clear that the huge influx of expats has caused some frustration and discomfort on the ground. But is it because we are xenophobic? I sense a lot of frustration is due to the fact that the development of our infrastructure hasn\u2019t caught up with our already-dense population \u2014 so you have young couples having to queue for housing, graduates finding it hard to find a job, etc. And when you are frustrated, you look for something or somebody to blame, so expats became an easy target.

Sui Chin:\u00a0<\/strong>I see a lot of people who use Singapore as a springboard or stepping stone. But Singapore has always played the global role of an entrepot, and I feel we can continue to welcome foreigners in this manner: as a place to raise children, to start a business, to progress in life before you move on to some other place. To me, that is good enough because we have played our role in the world. It gives them an experience of Singapore as a place of opportunity that has benefitted them. If we give them opportunities that they will never forget, when we eventually do business with them, these memories will inspire the same kind of gratitude. Welcoming foreigners into our country also gives us a very cosmopolitan society with a wide cross-section of people of different backgrounds: it puts us in the best position to understand the world. I believe Singapore represents what the ideal world should be.\u00a0<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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If you\u2019d like to join our Forum panel, do write to us at\u00a0alumnihelpdesk@nus.edu.sg<\/a>\u00a0to express your interest.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

How do we build a truly integrated, multiracial and multicultural society? Should ethnicity even matter in Singapore society? Are our differences a cause for celebration or division? Our alumni tackle these questions and more.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6719,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3869","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-social-impact"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alumni.nus.edu.sg\/thealumnus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3869","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alumni.nus.edu.sg\/thealumnus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alumni.nus.edu.sg\/thealumnus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alumni.nus.edu.sg\/thealumnus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alumni.nus.edu.sg\/thealumnus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3869"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/alumni.nus.edu.sg\/thealumnus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3869\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6730,"href":"https:\/\/alumni.nus.edu.sg\/thealumnus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3869\/revisions\/6730"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alumni.nus.edu.sg\/thealumnus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6719"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alumni.nus.edu.sg\/thealumnus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3869"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alumni.nus.edu.sg\/thealumnus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3869"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alumni.nus.edu.sg\/thealumnus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3869"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}